Intel China Essay Example for Free

Intel China Essay As we know from the case Intel is a big company which produces microprocessors and software. From the case we have three characters; Charles Tang, Yong Li, and Qing Chen. The issue of the case is the termination of a project that is been carried out by Li that must be terminated. In the case Tang informs Chen to inform Li that he will have to finish the project he is in due the objectives we not reached or followed. The main issue is that the manual of software that was originally supposed to be made by Li has turned into a book, therefore missing the purpose of the project. When Li is informed by Chen about the orders stated by Tang, Li gets upset and furious with Chen ignoring her authority. The reasons for Li to get upset are that he has developed self interests on the project. This lack of authority from Li could be a consequence of the power he indirectly gets from the guanxi he has built over the years with senior managers. Also the fact that Chen is a woman may have influenced his reaction. Tang should have communicated himself to Li about the project change due to the importance of the matter to Li. Also Charles attitude to fit a horizontal rather than a vertical communication flow. Things in America might work that way but in Chinese are not used to direct negative forms. When a Chinese wants to express a negative answer, he or she will never say no directly but they will go around the subject and look for excuses not to make it. All about saving face. Like Chen, any person who is humiliated losses face. In the case of Chen the questioning of her authority over Li was the fact that made her lose face. In a personal opinion the way Tang managed his personnel was inappropriate. As mentioned before, Tang should have informed directly to Li about his decision to move him to another project. In the case that Chen still communicates to Li the termination of the project Li should be punish for the reaction. By being a subordinate of Chen, Li must obey orders from above. Otherwise I believe that he should be reminded of his position in this company. Furthermore instruct Chen in the art of negotiation and human resource management. Another issue is Tang wanting to be â€Å"one of the bunch of Intel employees† which means that he wants to be considered and treated as one more which could confuse the employees used to almost not treating with their bosses. Again the big issue in this case seems to be communication. Tang must find a way to reach their employees in a fair and effective way so situations like this not happen again. Also the fact that he has been away from China so long may cause him to forget basics in treating with his compatriots.

The Latino Culture in America Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

The Latino Culture in America Latinos have struggled to discover their place inside of a white America for too many years. Past stereotypes and across racism they have fought to belong. Still America is unwilling to open her arms to them. Instead she demands assimilation. With her pot full of stew she asks, "What flavor will you add to this brew?" Some question, some rebel, and others climb in. I argue that it is not the Latino who willingly agreed to partake in this stew. It is America who forced her ideals upon them through mass media and stale history. However her effort has failed, for they have refused to melt. The struggle to find a place inside an un-welcoming America has forced the Latino to recreate one. The Latino feels out of place, torn from the womb inside of America's reality because she would rather use it than know it (Paz 226-227). In response, the Mexican women planted the seeds of home inside the corral*. These tended and potted plants became her burrow of solace and place of acceptance. In the comfort of the suns slices and underneath the orange scents, the women were free. Still the questions pounded in the rhythm of street side whispers. The outside stare thundered in pulses, you are different it said. Instead of listening she tried to instill within her children the pride of language, song, and culture. Her roots weave soul into the stubborn soil and strength grew with each blossom of the fig tree (Goldsmith). The adolescent rebelled. "Speaking out is an exercise of privilege. Speaking out takes practice. Silence ensures invisibility. Silence provides protection (Montoya 282)." Graffiti tagged cracks seeped in blood, it remind the young of their battle with an invisible division. In Octavio P... ...wler-Salamini and Mary Kay Vaughan, eds Creating Spaces, Shaping Transitions: Women of the Mexican Countryside, 1850-1990 Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. Montoya, Margret E. "Masks and Identify," and "Masks and Resistance," in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader New York: New York University Press, 1998. Paz, Octavio. "Pachucos and Other Extremes" in The Labyrinth of Solitude and The Other Mexico New York: Grove Press, 1985 Bradbury, Ray. "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit" (originally published in 1958) in The Chicano: From Caricature to Self-Portrait New York: A mentor Book from New American Library, Times Mirror, 1971 *meaning garden, the experience of gardening in central Mexico (Goldsmith) *Many of the juvenile gangs that have formed in the United States in recent years are reminiscent of the post -war pachucos (Paz, 14).

University project help

Exchange rates, transportation and trade costs all need to be accounted for in the bid. These added costs make cost control (in other controllable areas of the project) vital. Without tight cost control, the company will not be able to compete with bids of domestic firms. 3. Why is cost estimation such an important component of project planning? Discuss how it links together with the Work Breakdown Structure and project schedule? Cost estimation, if done correctly, enables a firm to determine if the project will be profitable, if the company can afford the project and in general if the project is worth ursuing.It also provides the company with a cost range for bidding (in the case ofa customer-oriented project). With respect to Work Breakdown Structure and project schedule, cost estimation is important because it leads to budgeting of monetary and other resources (both material and human). These allocations must coordinate with the Work Breakdown Structure and project schedules prepa red by management to figure out if the required resources will be available as needed. 4. Imagine you were developing a software package for your company's intranet.Give xamples of the various types of costs (labor, materials, equipment and facilities, subcontractors, etc. ) and how they would apply to your project. Potential costs of creating software package include costs of labor, materials, subcontractors, equipment and facilities and travel. Software engineers, developers, computer technicians, trainers (for end users) and technical writers would incur labor costs. Material costs may come from printing and creating installation CDs/ disks, additional mainframe hardware, memory or accessories, and any printing and paper requirements for user manuals.Developers and contractors may require extra space or equipment. Subcontractors may be used to consult on design and implementation. Subcontractors may require costs associated with travel if the firm is not local. 5 Give reasons bot n in tavor ot and against the use ot personal time charge as a cost estimate for a project activity. Using a personal time charge can create a more accurate assessment of time by including a reasonable amount of downtime in estimates of work time.By using the personal time charge, a company can be better compensate for its labor resources, s all time (productive or not) spent on a particular Job is a use of human/intellectual resources. However, from a customer's perspective this charge may appear unwarranted. The personal time charge allows time for unproductive breaks. Customers will most likely be reluctant to pay for unproductive time – resulting in payment disputes. 6. Think of an example of parametric estimating in your personal experience, such as the use of a cost multiplier based on a similar, past cost.Did parametric estimating work or not. Discuss the reasons why. This is a personal example question and should only be applied to students with ome project experience . 7. Put yourself in the position ofa project customer. Would you accept the cost adjustments associated with learning curve effects or not? Under what circumstances would learning curve costs be appropriately budgeted into a project? As a customer, I would not accept fees when the repetitive work (that accounts for the learning curve) is a routine Job for the supplier.The reason for this is that I would be paying for learning effects that others would reap the benefit from. Also, learning effects associated with new employees would be unreasonable to include in project illing. On the other hand, if the repetitive work/learning curve effects were project or customer specific, then budgeting the costs into the project would be appropriate. 8. Consider the common problems with project cost estimation and recall a project with which you have been involved. Which of these common problems did you encounter most often? Why?

Southern Women And The Civil War - 1678 Words

Southern Women and the Civil War: The Burdens of Patriotism and Womanhood in the Confederacy The Civil War altered the lives of women, in both the North and South, just as it altered the nation as a whole. Although it is irrefutable that both the North and the South felt the wrath of the war, the South encountered a unique set of troubles that caused the weight of the war to fall predominantly on Southern women. Attempting to understand the experiences of all Southern women during the Civil War does not come without its challenges. It is impossible to connect the stories and experiences of all Confederate women without generalizing their history. However, by narrowing the analysis to a singular concentration of middle and upper class†¦show more content†¦The second theme consists of the initial expectations Southern women had about the war versus the harsh reality of the war. The third theme, and possibly the most significant, is the opinions Southern women held in regard to the institution of slavery. The touchstone for understanding the wartime experience of Southern women begins with the understanding of the political landscape of the time. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust contends that in the context of nineteenth-century politics, â€Å"politics was regarded as a privilege and responsibility of men.† The acknowledgment that women and men existed in their separate spheres is the undoubtedly the most common theme in the arena of Women’s History. In addition to Faust, other prominent historians such as Mary Elizabeth Massey and Lisa Tendrich Frank, have contributed significant scholarship to the topic of Southern women and the Civil War. Massey in particular coined the idea that the war caused Southern women to â€Å"leap from their spheres.† While not all Southern women were eager to abandon their traditional spheres of domesticity that existed within their households, women could not resist maneuvering their way into the male sphere of politics. In a dia ry entry from April 1861, Catherine Edmondston of North Carolina asserted that women’s involvement in politics was unavoidable because the nation was in such great upheaval, â€Å"public affairs absorbed all interest.† In an

Literature Review. Autism Overview. Autism Spectrum Disorder

Literature Review Autism Overview Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a widely known disability that, as of 2012, affects about 1 in 68 of children in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The exact cause of the disability is unknown, however individuals with ASD exhibit some common characteristics. â€Å"Autism belongs to heterogeneous categories of developmental disabilities where neurological disorders lead to deficits in a child’s ability to communicate, understand language, play, develop social skills, and relate to others† (Rao Gagie, 2006, p. 26). These deficits can range in varying degrees of severity, which is why the disability is considered to be a spectrum. Students with autism are usually†¦show more content†¦Many students in high school lack vocational training that could increase their future success, and many students with disabilities are in need of extra training or exploration to help them establish these goals (Swank Huber, 2013). IDEA states that students with disabilities should be prepared â€Å"for further education, employment, and independent living† (IDEA, 2004). Although this is stated in the law, many students with disabilities are not getting a sufficient vocational education. Students with disabilities are required to have a transition plan in place when they are in high school. â€Å"Transition planning is critical for all individuals, with or without disabilities, and this planning should focus on layering the foundation and providing support for transition in all aspects of adult life† (Sitlington, 1996, p. 37). Teaching vocational skills are an essential part of this transition planning. Students are educated, but there is a separation between vocational and academic education. Students are more prepared for post-secondary education than they are for the workforce (Gebhardt, Tretter, Schwab, Gasteiger-Klicpera, 2012). Hazelkorn and Lombard (1994) state: Secondary students with disabilities often are denied access to the broad continuum of vocational education options because of the increased academic expectations of vocational courses, the apprehension ofShow MoreRelatedChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2241 Words   |  9 PagesSiblings of children with autism spectrum disorder have received little Research attention historically, with most family studies focusing on either the child with the illness/disorder or the parents. More recently, research has identified that these children may need support in their own right, yet little published research is reported to inform this support. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the extent to which siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder facing psychosocial problemsRead MoreEarly Intervention For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorders are a set of similar disorders that each have their own challenges that educators must address. Although K-12 educators are not directly responsible for the types of interventions that individuals receive before they begin school, it is beneficial for educators to be aware of how those interventions work so they may incorporate useful elements in future teaching. Additionally, educators should have a stockpile of knowledge that they can draw from. This shouldRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay2229 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Autism is a group of neurodevelopment disorders, collectively called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism is characterized by a variety of behavioural deficits such as impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests. The ASD’s include Asperger’s syndrome, Rett’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (usually referredRead MoreMusic Therapy Autism Literature Review3110 Words   |  13 PagesIndividuals with autism show equal or increased abilities in pitch processing, labeling of emotions in music, and musical preference when compared to typically†developing peers. The most compelling evidence supporting the clinical benefits of music therapy lies in the areas of social†emotional responsiveness and communication including increased compliance, reduced anxiety, increase speech output, decreased vocal stereotypy, receptive labeling, and increased interaction with peers. PreliminaryRead MoreMental Health Autism Disorder Among Children Living1957 Words   |  8 PagesHealth-Autism Disorder among children living in Poverty Makeah Alasmakh Saint Joseph’s University Neuropsychiatric disorders currently account for the growing global disease burden in health care. These diseases are caused by genetic, environmental and immunological factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis. However, social, economic status also contributes to their prevalence. In this literature review, the correlation between mental health (specifically regarding autism) and lowRead MoreRecognising And Understanding Emotions : Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Is A Single Umbrella Disorder1775 Words   |  8 PagesA review of the literature on: recognising and understanding emotions in autistic children. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a single umbrella disorder, where individuals’ symptoms fall on a continuum in different ways; some display mild symptoms (high-functioning autism) while others exhibit much more severe symptoms (low-functioning autism). In addition, individuals with ASD tend to have difficulties communicating and relating to typically developing (TD) individuals. According to Wing, GouldRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)4684 Words   |  19 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies for both foreign and local underlying the framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. FOREIGN LITERATURES According to the study of the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social–emotional behavior in autism that. Autism is centrally characterized by developmental disruption in social–emotionalRead MoreAutism : A Child With Autism1301 Words   |  6 Pageswith Autism By Shawn Wirth Arkansas State University Beebe â€Æ' Autism is not a disease, or a reaction; it is a developmental neurobiological differences in brain function. People with autism have difficulty with communication and interaction with others. The symptoms of autism may range from total lack of communication with others to difficulty in understanding others’ feelings. Since there is such a range of symptoms it is now called Autism Spectrum Disorder(Disabled world 2008) Literature ReviewRead MoreA Study Based Interventions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder3343 Words   |  14 Pages Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Occupational Science and Therapy Paper Name: Evidence Practice Paper Code: 537333 Assignment Title: Family- Centered Play-Based Interventions of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Student ID: 1383124 Word count: 2748 Declaration - This assessment has been written by me and represents my own work. - This work has not previously been submitted by myself or anyone else. - All sourced information has been appropriatelyRead MoreChildren With High Functioning Autism9243 Words   |  37 Pagesexists which validates the risk of decreased emotional well-being in adults with autism. As a result, it becomes vitally important to identify factors that may contribute to this problem in order to provide increased supports and services to combat the issues. This quantitative comparative study sought to determine whether or not anxiety and/or depression (emotional well-being) of young adults with high-functioning autism is impacted by the possession or lack of a transition plan prior to their leaving

How Hamlet was Influenced by Others Essay example - 564 Words

In Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, Hamlet is easily influenced, he relies on the remarks of his father, mother, and member of the Fortinbras army to make decision on whether to kill his uncle Claudius, who is now King. The ghost of Hamlet’s father influences him to seek revenge and prove Claudius’ guilt. Queen Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, influences Hamlets behaviour, causing him to lash out and attempt revenge. A conversation Hamlet has with the Capitan of the Fortinbras army influences him to finally man up to the situation he is in, ultimately ending it all by killing Claudius. Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, influences him by visiting Hamlet as a ghost and telling him to seek revenge. Hamlet believes his father and stages a play†¦show more content†¦This is why Hamlet lashes out in anger, Hamlet slays his sword through the tapestry thinking it’s Claudius-it was not. It Gertrude’s influence on her son that drives him to attempt reveng e by slaying through the tapestry. Hamlet has a conversation with the Capitan of the Fortinbras army, and it was that conversation that influenced Hamlet to finally kill Claudius. Talking to the Capitan made Hamlet realize he has to take action, if the Fortinbras army can go to war over a miniscule matter, Hamlet can go to war over a huge matter that has been haunting him. After talking to the Capitan Hamlet realizes he has been very hesitant in seeking revenge because of over-analyzing his thoughts, and he vows that he will finally take action. He does. With the way Shakespeare portrays Hamlet, he seems insane, but he was indeed sane, he was a good actor who was influenced by a lot of people in his life. Hamlet could problem solve well enough, but he let the influences of others linger in his brain making him over-analyze situations. It was clear Hamlet thought the ghost of his father that he was real, he was influenced because he loves his father and wants revenge for his death. Claudius ran off after the poison scene, and that proved to Hamlet that Claudius was guilty, yet he did nothing. Queen Gertrude influences Hamlet by making him emotionallyShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytic Criticism Scope Of Hamlet900 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet is one the best known works of Willian Shakespeare, a play that emphasizes revenge, as one of the major topics . The main character hamlet is driven by all of this revenge matter , and ends up physically killing 2 people, Claudius and Polonius, as well as indirectly causing the deaths of 5 other characters throughout the play. It is a Play that leaves us with uncertainty and doubts , we can go either way, we could see hamlet as a protagonist who seeks justice for his father’s murder or anRead MoreGertrude and Ophelia 1014 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrates this in the play Hamlet. The women are portrayed to deserve their fate because of their inability to be independent and their ability to be easily influenced. In the play, Shakespeare demonstrates that both Gertrude and Ophelia deserve their fate. The women deserve their fate because of their inability to be independent. Polonius instructs Ophelia to be aware of her shallow emotions and to display herself as more valuable by not responding to Hamlets every command. When Polonius saysRead MoreComparision Of Hamlet With Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead1306 Words   |  6 PagesRosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (R and G†¦) by Tom Stoppard is a transformation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet that has been greatly influenced due to an external contextual shift. The sixteenth century Elizabethan historical and social context, accentuating a time of questioning had specific values which are transformed and altered in Stoppard’s Existential, post two-world wars twentieth century historical and social context. The processes of transformation that are evident allow the shifts in ideasRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind- -death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet s Rational Mind : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1071 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, there are many conflicts present that can be applied to modern time. Hamlet, as the protagonist, displays many difficult aspects that haunt mankind to this day. Hamlet is a dynamic character. He believes that he is the smartest person in the room, which most of the time he is. He comes up with conniving schemes to get his revenge. Although Hamlet believes in his brilliant plan to feign madness, it causes so much suspicion from others that it ultimately causes theRead MoreHamlet Character Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesWritten by William Shakespeare, Hamlet has a strong relationship with the authors society and era, being the late 1500’s to early 1600’s. Hamlet, a character is confliction with his society, shows different views and actions to his fellow Danish men. Shakespeare could create a character whom through Hamlet’s life choices, his own historical and cultural context and the state of Hamlet being in confliction with th e Elizabethan-era and Nihilism showed immense differences from his society, which ShakespeareRead MoreCompare And Contrast Ophelia And Hamlet943 Words   |  4 PagesOphelia: During the early hours of the morning, I, a young woman, stand at your window in hopes of becoming your Valentine. Then he got out of bed, got dressed, and opened his bedroom door, letting the young woman inside; when she came back out, she was no longer a virgin. These lines, which depict the sexual interaction between a young woman and a man on Valentine’s Day, are sung after Ophelia has gone mad. In this quote, Ophelia describes herself as an innocent virgin who wants a man to returnRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Father And Son Relationship Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesFather and Son Relationship in Hamlet Children born into a fatherless family in America are more likely to have behavioral problems, more likely to go to prison, and more likely to commit a violent crime. While Hamlet did not exactly live in contemporary America-or lose his father until his late 20s- he exemplifies these statistics quite well in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Hamlet is mercurial, would certainly be locked up if he wasn’t royal, and eventually commits multiple (justified) killings. All ofRead MoreRevenge in Hamlet Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn his play Hamlet, William Shakespeare frequently utilizes the word â€Å"revenge† and images associated with this word in order to illustrate the idea that the pursuit of revenge has caused the downfall of many people. He builds up the idea that revenge causes people to act recklessly through anger rather than reason. In Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes and Hamlet all seek to avenge the deaths of their fathers. Hamlet and Laertes manage to avenge their f ather’s deaths and in doing so, both rely more on theirRead More Significance of the Ghost to William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeares Hamlet In Shakespeares Hamlet, the ghost plays a key role in influencing the destinies of the other characters. The ghost is important to the play as it symbolizes both fate and catalyses the plot. It also brings the play into the revenge tragedy genre, which allows foreshadowing to occur and helps the audience, both Elizabethan and contemporary to better understand the play and appreciate it. The late King Hamlet is forced to roam the earth as he was murdered

Chemical and biological weapons Essay Example For Students

Chemical and biological weapons Essay Will the human race still be in existence in fifty more years? Although likely, there is a very real possibility that we will not be here. For example, after the Gulf War, we found Saddam Hussein stockpiling Weapons of Mass Destruction. Did you know that he had enough weapons to kill every single human, dog, and cow on the face of the earth? When I found that out, I thought it was very interesting, so I decided to do a report on it. If you keep reading, youll find out what Ive found out. Who funds the making of chemical or biological weapons? The answer is many people. However the government is the main source of money. For example, they make labs built to find defenses against new chemical or biological weapons. The catch is that in order to find new defenses, they must first build new weapons. That brings us to terrorists. Government officials make the information on how to make these weapons of mass destruction too accessible to terrorists, which eventually results in successful terrorists attacks that injure or harm many people. An example of this was in the spring of 1995 when a Japanese mafia gang set off sarin gas and killed 12 people in a subway, while injuring over fifty. Now, you might be asking yourself, whats the difference between chemical and biological warfare? Some major differences are when each has been used in history and / or what makes up a chemical or biological weapon. First, theres the obvious difference of what makes up a chemical or biological weapon. Chemical weapons use chemical agents while biological weapons use bacteria from the earth and weaponizes the bacteria. While biological weapons have never been used for a modern war, they were once a very common weapon. You see, biological weapons were used for centuries in such ways as throwing dead bodies into their enemies water supply to sabotage it. Chemical weapons were never used in ancient times, as they didnt have the technology. They have however found much use in our modern world. In fact, during World War I, chemical weapons found more use than ever before. The main weapon was mustard gas, it was responsible for two percent of the total deaths during that period. The next time chemical warfare was used on a large scale was during the Vietnam War. The main thing used was called Agent Orange which was used to kill off important plants, food, or livestock. If youre wondering, how the heck can chemicals or bacteria change my body you would be surprised at the things they can do. For example they can cripple you (permanently or temporarily). They can paralyze you (permanently or temporarily). They can even disfigure you or turn your skin inside out. Another thing they can do, is they can immobilize one part of your body but not another; they can do this to the extent of paralyzing your index finger and your ring finger on one hand, but not harm anything else. The delivery method for chemical or biological weapons can be artillery shells, bombs, sprays, darts, or pretty much anything that can explode, pierce the skin, or infect in some way. If in a bomb or shell, the chemicals or bacteria usually spread out after impact. On a dart, all you do is cover the tip and pierce someone else skin and they are infected. There are many different kinds of chemical and biological weapons in existence today. Here are some of the kinds of biological weapons being used today in modern science. One disease is anthrax. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It has two types; cutanous which means in the skin, and inhalation which means inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation is the deadlier type of anthrax exposure. The incubation period for cutanous anthrax ranges from one to seven days which is not much different from inhalation anthrax whose incubation period ranges from one to six days. The mortality rate for cutanous anthrax without treatment is ten to twenty percent. After treatment, it drops to less than one percent. The mortality rate for inhalation anthrax without treatment is ninety to one hundred percent and is usually not diagnosed in time for treatment. Another biological weapon is Botulinum Toxins. Botulism is caused by intoxication with any of the seven distinct neurotoxins produced by the bacillus, Clostridium botulinum. In pure form, the toxin is a white crystalline substance which is readily dissolvable in water but decays rapidly in the open air. The incubation period for inhalation botulinum ranges from one day to several days after exposure. Reported cases of botulism prior to 1950 had a mortality rate of sixty percent. With tracheotomy and ventilator assistance, fatalities should be five percent. Initial signs and symptoms of botulinum include ptosis, generalized weakness and dizziness. Diminished salivation with extreme dryness of the mouth and throat may cause complaints of a sore throat. Urinary retention may also occur. Motor symptoms usually are present early in the disease; cranial nerves are affected first with blurred vision, diplopia, ptosis, and photophobia. Development of respiratory failure may be abrupt. Mucous membranes of the mouth may be dry and crusted. Deep tendon reflexes vary from intact to absent. Brucellosis is next. Brucellosis is a systemic zoonotic disease caused by one of four species of bacteria: Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis. Fatality rates tend to decrease for humans somewhat the farther down in the order you go. Brucella canis is primarily a pathogen of dogs, and only occasionally causes disease in humans. Humans are infected when they inhale contaminated aerosols, ingest raw (unpasteurized) infected milk or meat, or have abraded skin or conjunctive surfaces that come in contact with the bacteria. Brucellosis incubation period normally ranges from one to four weeks but can vary from one week to several months. Now, we have cholera. Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholera, a short, curved, gram-negative bacillus. Humans acquire the disease by consuming water or food contaminated with the organism. The organism multiplies in the small intestine and secretes an enterotoxin that causes a secretory diarrhea. If used in a biological attack, it would most likely be used to contaminate water. Without treatment, death may result from severe dehydration or shock. Symptoms do not include fever or abominable pain.Clostridium Perfringens Toxins is next. Clostridium perfringens is a common anaerobic bacterium associated with three distinct disease syndromes; gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis; enteritis necroticans (pig-bel); and clostridium food poisoning. It is difficult to imagine a general scenario in which the spores or vegetative organisms could be used as a biological warfare agent. There are, however, at least 12 protein toxins and one or more of these could be produced or concentrated and used as a weapon. Waterborne disease is conceivable, but unlikely. Gas gangrene is a well-recognized, life-threatening emergency. Symptoms of the disease may be subtle before fulminate toxemia develops, and the diagnosis is often made at postmortem examination. Within hours signs of systemic toxicity appear, including confusion, tachycardia, and sweating. Most Clostridia species produce large amounts of CO2 and hydrogen that cause intense swelling, hence the term gas gangrene, resulting in gas in the soft tissues and the emission of foul-smelling gas from the wound. Clinical features include necrosis, dark red serous fluid, and numerous gas filled vesicles.No specific treatment is available for C. pefringens intoxication. Early antibiotic treatment is effective, if undertaken before significant amounts of toxins have accumulated in the body. If not treated the bacteria enter the bloodstream causing fatal systemic illness. There is no available prophylaxi s against most C. perfringens toxins. Toxoids are being used to prevent enteritis necroticans in humans, and veterinary toxoids are in wide use. Melioidosis is what I will be talking about next. It is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacillus. Melioidosis is most commonly found in southeast Asia but has been found in many different countries around the world. If someone were to employ this as a biological weapon, it would most likely be through an aerosol route. Infection by inoculation results in a subcutaneous nodule with acute lymphangitis and regional lymphadenitis, generally with fever. After melioidosis is breathed in or has been dispersed through the blood stream, pneumonia may occur. The intensity may vary from very mild to explosive, usually involves the upper lobes, and often results in cavitation.Antibiotic regimens that have been used successfully include tetracycline, 2-3 grams per day; chloramphenicol, 3 grams per day; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 4 and 20 milligrams / kilograms per day. Ceftazidine and piperacillin have had moderate success in severely ill patients as well. In patients who are toxic, a combination of two antibiotics (ceftazidine and piperacillin), given is advised. Next, we have, the plague. The plague is a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Under natural conditions, humans become infected as a result of contact with rodents and their fleas. Under natural conditions, three syndromes are recogniz ed: bubonic, primary septicemia, or pneumonic. In a biological warfare scenario, the plague bacillus could be delivered via contaminated vectors (fleas) causing the bubonic type, or via aerosol causing the pneumonic type. The bubonic plagues incubation period ranges, on average, from two to ten days. The onset of the bubonic plague is acute and often explosive with malaise, high fever, and at least one tender lymph node. Bubonic plague may progress spontaneously to the septicemia form with organisms spread to the CNS (central nervous system), lungs (producing pneumonic disease), and elsewhere. In untreated patients, the mortality rate averages fifty percent with the fatal event being circulatory collapse, hemorrhage, and peripheral thrombosis. Margaret Hilda Thatcher EssayNext on our list of biological weapons is Ricin. Ricin is a glycoprotein toxin from the seed of the castor plant. It blocks protein synthesis by altering the rRNA, thus killing the cell. Ricins significance as a potential biological warfare agent relates to its availability world wide, its ease of production, and extreme pulmonary toxicity when inhaled. Next is RVF; Rift Valley Fever. RVF is a viral disease caused by RVF virus. The virus circulates in sub-Saharan Africa as a mosquito-borne agent. Epizootics occur when susceptible domestic animals are infected, and because of the large amount of virus in their serum, amplify infection to biting arthropods. The incubation period averages two to five days and is usually followed by an incapacitating febrile illness of similar duration. The typical symptoms are fever, conjunctival injection, and sometimes abdominal tenderness. A few petechiae (a minute reddish or purplish spot containing blood that appears in skin or mucous membrane especially in some infectious diseases) or a bloody nose may occur. A small proportion of cases (approximately one percent) will progress to a viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome; mortality in this group is roughly fifty percent.Saxitoxin is next. Saxitoxin is the parent compound of a family of chemically related neurotoxins. In nature they are predominantly pr oduced by marine dinoflagellates, although they have also been identified in association with such diverse organisms as blue-green algae, crabs, and the blue-ringed octopus. Human intoxications are principally due to ingestion of bivalve mollusks which have accumulated dinoflagellates during filter feeding. The resulting intoxication, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is known throughout the world as a severe, life threatening illness requiring immediate medical intervention. In a BW scenario, the most likely route of delivery is by inhalation or toxic projectile. In addition, saxitoxin could be used in a confined area to contaminate water supplies. No vaccine against saxitoxin exposure has been developed for human use. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) is next. SEB is one of several exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causing food poisoning when ingested. A BW attack with aerosol delivery of SEB to the respiratory tract produces a distinct syndrome causing significant morbidity and potential mortality. The disease begins one to six hours after exposure with the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and nonproductive cough. In more severe cases, dyspnea and retrosternal chest pain may also be present. A fever, which may reach 103-106 F could last two to five days. However, cough may persist one to four weeks. In many patients nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea will also occur. The final biological weapon that you will learn about is Trichothecene Mycotoxins. The trichothecene mycotoxins are a diverse group of more than 40 compounds produced by fungi. They are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis, impair DNA synthesis, alter cell membrane structure and function, and inhibit mitochondrial respiration. Secondary metabolizes of fungi, such as T-2 toxin and others, produce toxic reactions called mycotoxicoses upon inhalation or consumption of contaminated food products by humans or animals. Naturally occurring trichothecenes have been identified in agricultural products and have been implicated in a disease of animals known as moldy corn toxicosis or poisoning. Consumption of these mycotoxins results in weight loss, vomiting, skin inflammation, bloody diarrhea, diffuse hemorrhage, and possibly death. The onset of illness following acute exposure to T-2 (IV or inhalation) occurs in hours, resulting in the rapid onset of circulatory shock characterized by reduced cardiac arrest, arterial hypotension, lactic acidosis and death within twelve hours. Now onto chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are not classified in the same way as biological weapons. In Chemical warfare, there are different types of agents which are given names and classified as a blood agent, nerve agent, pulmonary agent, or blister / vesicant agent. I will be talking about the different classes of agent while giving some examples. First, nerve agents. Right now, there are eight known nerve agents: Tabun, Sarin, Soman, Methylphosphonothioic acid, Cyclohexyl Methylphosphonofluridate, Phosphonofluoridic acid, Phosphonothioic acid, and Amiton. Some health effects that may occur after a nerve agent attack include disabled enzymes that are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses, irreversible / reversible nerve damage, and even death, depending on the agent, within fifteen minutes. Here are two examples of what nerve agents can do. Sarin is an organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. The other example is of Soman. Soman is an organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.Now we have blister / vesicant agents. This class of agent has the ability to cause skin blisters or damage eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and internal organs. Initial effects usually occur very rapidly after exposure. They can also destroy different substances within cells of living tissue. In these cases, initial effects occur twelve to twenty-four hours after exposure. There is a possibility of death if complications from a lung injury occur. An example of this type of agent is dichloroformoxine. If exposed to the chemical agent called dichloroformoxine, you would most likely be in duced to urticaria. However, your guinea pig can get it also. Onto pulmonary agents. Liquid pulmonary agents are almost always dispersed in gas form and can damage the respiratory tract causing severe pulmonary edema in about four hours, leading to eventual death. Effects are variable but are either rapid or delayed: depending on what agent was used. Two examples of pulmonary agents that can or have been used as a chemical weapon are CG phosgene and C1 chlorine. CG phosgene is a highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison, as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. C1 chlorine is a greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number seventeen, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabr ic bleaching. Finally, our last chemical agent class: blood agents. Blood agents are very dangerous in that besides being highly volatile, they act very rapidly, can cause seizures, result in cardiac arrest, and can cause respiratory failure. An example of one blood agent is Hydrogen cyanide (HCN). HCN is a toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. Now, if youre like me, youre wondering: is a chemical weapon or a biological weapon is more deadly and why? Well, after seeing what kinds of chemical and biological weapons there are and what each can do, its your opinion. After all, both have many different purposes. Also, some weapons are deadly but dont cover a large area while others go over a larger area infecting more people. If someone were to repeat 9/11, but with the plane coated in smallpox or some other disease, the death and injury toll would be much higher. It would result in mass infection (especially if contagious), and besides a higher death and injury toll, many people would be disabled. So as you can see from my report, both chemical and biological weapons are very dangerous. They can do almost anything and can be spread almost anywhere. Not only that but the number of different kinds of weapons is only growing. Is a chemical or biological war coming up? I hope not, because we have the power to easily eliminate the human race along with everything else.